Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 595.0      ICD10: N30.01      ICD11: GC00.1

Acute cystitis, commonly known as a bladder infection, is an inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
It's a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that primarily affects women, although men can also get it.

Here's a breakdown:

What it is: An infection and inflammation of the bladder lining.
Cause: Usually bacteria (most commonly E. coli) entering the urethra and traveling up to the bladder.
Symptoms: These can vary, but common symptoms include:
Frequent urination: Feeling the need to urinate often.
Urgency: A strong, sudden urge to urinate.
Pain or burning sensation during urination (dysuria).
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine.
Blood in the urine (hematuria).
Lower abdominal discomfort or pressure.
Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.
Diagnosis: Doctors typically diagnose cystitis based on symptoms and a urine test (urinalysis) to detect bacteria and white blood cells. A urine culture may be done to identify the specific type of bacteria.
Treatment: The standard treatment is antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. Pain relievers can also help manage discomfort. Drinking plenty of water is also important.
Complications: If left untreated, the infection can spread to the kidneys, leading to a more serious kidney infection (pyelonephritis).

Risk Factors:

Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
Sexual activity: Bacteria can be introduced into the urethra during intercourse.
Certain types of birth control: Diaphragms and spermicides can increase the risk.
Menopause: Lower estrogen levels can lead to changes in the urinary tract that make it more susceptible to infection.
Catheter use: Urinary catheters can introduce bacteria into the bladder.
Underlying medical conditions: Diabetes and conditions that weaken the immune system can increase risk.
Enlarged prostate (in men): Can cause incomplete bladder emptying, leading to infection.
Urinary retention: Any condition that prevents the bladder from fully emptying can increase risk.

Important Considerations:

See a doctor: If you suspect you have cystitis, it's essential to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Self-treating can lead to complications and antibiotic resistance.
Prevention: There are measures you can take to reduce your risk, such as:
Drinking plenty of water.
Wiping front to back after using the toilet.
Urinating after intercourse.
Avoiding irritating feminine products.
Considering cranberry products (though evidence of their effectiveness is mixed).
Recurrent UTIs: If you experience frequent UTIs, your doctor may recommend further testing or preventative measures.

In summary, acute cystitis is a common bladder infection characterized by inflammation and infection, typically caused by bacteria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent complications.