Published: 18 Jun 2025

ICD9: 642.70      ICD10: O11.9      ICD11: JA24

"Preeclampsia" and "Toxemia of Pregnancy" (though the term "toxemia" is outdated) both refer to the same serious pregnancy complication.
It's characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the kidneys or liver, occurring after 20 weeks of pregnancy (though it can sometimes occur earlier or after delivery).

Here's a breakdown:

High Blood Pressure: A reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher, taken on two separate occasions at least four hours apart.

Organ System Damage (Proteinuria or Other Signs): This is what differentiates preeclampsia from simply having high blood pressure during pregnancy (gestational hypertension). Signs of organ damage can include:
Proteinuria: Significant protein in the urine (indicating kidney damage).
Thrombocytopenia: Low blood platelet count.
Elevated Liver Enzymes: Indicating liver damage.
Pulmonary Edema: Fluid in the lungs.
New-onset kidney problems
Cerebral or visual disturbances: Such as headaches, blurred vision, or seeing spots.

Key Features and Importance:

Onset: Typically after 20 weeks of pregnancy, but sometimes earlier or postpartum.
Cause: The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to involve problems with the development and function of the placenta (the organ that nourishes the baby). This leads to widespread blood vessel dysfunction in the mother.
Risk Factors:
First pregnancy
Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.)
Previous history of preeclampsia
Chronic high blood pressure
Kidney disease
Diabetes (pre-existing or gestational)
Obesity
Autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome)
Family history of preeclampsia
Age over 40
Complications: Preeclampsia can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby, including:
For the Mother:
Eclampsia (seizures)
Stroke
Organ failure (kidney, liver)
HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count) - a severe form of preeclampsia
Placental abruption (placenta separates from the uterine wall)
Future cardiovascular disease
Death (rare, but possible)
For the Baby:
Premature birth
Low birth weight
Breathing problems
Fetal growth restriction
Stillbirth
Diagnosis: Based on blood pressure readings, urine tests (for protein), and blood tests to assess organ function. Healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women, especially those with risk factors, for signs of preeclampsia.
Treatment: The primary treatment for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby. The timing of delivery depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the baby. Other treatments may include:
Medications to lower blood pressure
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures (eclampsia)
Close monitoring in the hospital

Why is it important to know about preeclampsia?

Early detection and management of preeclampsia are crucial to prevent serious complications. Pregnant women should attend all their prenatal appointments and report any symptoms, such as:

Severe headaches
Vision changes (blurred vision, seeing spots)
Swelling of the face and hands
Sudden weight gain
Pain in the upper right abdomen
Difficulty breathing

In summary, preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of organ damage. It's important to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and potential complications, and to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you may have preeclampsia. Prenatal care is essential for monitoring blood pressure and overall health during pregnancy to catch and manage preeclampsia effectively.